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Biological Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes: Soil Ecosystem Management in Sustainable Agriculture

Plant-parasitic nematodes are one of multiple causes of soil-related sub-optimal crop performance. This book integrates soil health and sustainable agriculture with nematode ecology and suppressive services provided by the soil food web to provide holistic solutions. Biological control is an important component of all nematode management programs, and with a particular focus on integrated soil biology management, this book describes tools available to farmers to enhance the activity of natural enemies, and utilize soil biological processes to reduce losses from nematodes.

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The Science of Agriculture: A Biological Approach

The biological approach of this text places emphasis on integrated sciences of agriculture, providing the most contemporary information for student instruction. The chapters are appropriately detailed, and include activities to encourage students to think critically and probe the links between science and agriculture. Thorough coverage is given to environmental concerns, food spoilage and safety, as well as life processes of plants and animals, and how these concepts are used in agriculture to produce food and fiber more efficiently. Effective full color photos and illustrations designed to facilitate concept comprehension are infused throughout the book. New directions in agriculture are discussed, along with agricultural career choices for students in the 21st century. Ancillary materials for “The Science of Agriculture: A Biological Approach, 2nd Edition” include an instructor’s guide, laboratory manual, and a teacher’s resource guide and test bank CD-ROM.

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WATER AND IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES IN ANCIENT WORLD: ANCIENT WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT TECHIQUES FOR THE MODERN ENVIRONMENT

Nowadays such studies are called hydrogeology conducted before drilling a trail well. In this regard Karaji says:” the higher the ratio of the amount of stone to the amount of soil in a particular mountain, the less the chance to find a supply of groundwater. There is no groundwater in the small and separated mountains especially those which have hard rocks, because no snow can last long on their tops. In case there would be a chain of mountains covering a vast area, it is more likely to find a good supply of groundwater, because such mountains enjoy many valleys that can hold ice and snow until summer. If a mountain has a flat top with thick vegetation casting shadow on the ground and protecting the soil moisture from sun, there would be a better chance to come across an aquifer.

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